ABSTRACT
Hyperinflammation and cytokine storm has been noted as a poor prognostic factor in patients with severe pneumonia related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In COVID-19, pathogenic myeloid cell overactivation is found to be a vital mediator of damage to tissues, hypercoagulability, and the cytokine storm. These cytokines unselectively infiltrate various tissues, such as the lungs and heart, and nervous system. This cytokine storm can hence cause multi-organ dysfunction and life-threatening complications. Mavrilimumab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that may be helpful in some cases with COVID-19. During an inflammation, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release is crucial to driving both innate and adaptive immune responses. The GM-CSF immune response is triggered when an antigen attaches to the host cell and induces the signaling pathway. Mavrilimumab antagonizes the action of GM-CSF and decreases the hyperinflammation associated with pneumonia in COVID-19, therefore strengthening the rationale that mavrilimumab when added to the standard protocol of treatment could improve the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, specifically those patients with pneumonia. With this review paper, we aim to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of mavrilimumab on cytokine storms in patients with COVID-19 by reviewing published clinical trials and emphasize the importance of extensive future trials.
ABSTRACT
Hyperinflammation and cytokine storm has been noted as a poor prognostic factor in patients with severe pneumonia related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In COVID-19, pathogenic myeloid cell overactivation is found to be a vital mediator of damage to tissues, hypercoagulability, and the cytokine storm. These cytokines unselectively infiltrate various tissues, such as the lungs and heart, and nervous system. This cytokine storm can hence cause multi-organ dysfunction and life-threatening complications. Mavrilimumab is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that may be helpful in some cases with COVID-19. During an inflammation, Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release is crucial to driving both innate and adaptive immune responses. The GM-CSF immune response is triggered when an antigen attaches to the host cell and induces the signaling pathway. Mavrilimumab antagonizes the action of GM-CSF and decreases the hyperinflammation associated with pneumonia in COVID-19, therefore strengthening the rationale that mavrilimumab when added to the standard protocol of treatment could improve the clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients, specifically those patients with pneumonia. With this review paper, we aim to demonstrate the inhibitory effect of mavrilimumab on cytokine storms in patients with COVID-19 by reviewing published clinical trials and emphasize the importance of extensive future trials.
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine postoperative donor site complications after bone harvesting from iliac crest for maxillofacial reconstruction in patients presented at Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences [PIMS Hospital Islamabad]. One hundred and ten patients having bony defects in maxillofacial region had undergone iliac crest grafting over a period of one year. The data were recorded on a strurctured proformas and were entered in SPSS version 17.0 [SPSS, Inc, Chicago, IL, USA]. Analysis was done to determine the frequency and percentages for all variables. Morbidity to donar site [Illiac crest] was evaluated postoperatively at 3[rd] month. Among 110 patients, male to female ratio was 1:1.2. Out of total 16.4% had mild pain, 0.9% had gait disturbances with walking aid needed. It was concluded that complications after iliac crest harvesting was found to be moderate to low, but the procedure was still necessary and frequently used with predictable results in terms of pain and gait disturbance at donor site
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of school children about dental diseases, oral hygiene practices, dietary habits and pattern of visit to dental clinic and also to identify the source of information regarding dental health. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2012 to June 2012, among students aged between 12 to 16 years studying in schools. Results of the study showed that 100% students believed that caries had negative effect on their dental health and sweets were the most common cause of dental caries. About the question of caries affecting dental health, 76 [25%] acquired knowledge from their dentists while 114 [37.75%] learned from school teacher and rest 113 [37.25%] gained their knowledge from parents? guardians. Moreover, regarding the source of information of soft drink as a hazard to oral health 76 [25%] got the knowledge from their dentists while 110 [36%] of students thought that soft drinks did not affect their dental health and 117 [39%] students said that they had not known the negative effect of soft drinks on their dental health. In the study, 56% responded that caries prompt them to visit dentist whereas only 10.7% visited dentist when they had bleeding gums. School teachers, parents and dentists were the main source of oral health information. The results of the present study showed that majority of the children obtained oral health information from their school teachers. Schools may provide effective settings for oral health screening and oral health educational programs
ABSTRACT
Indian carp (Cirrhinus mrigala) exposed to two sub-lethal concentrations (0.815 mg/L and 1.63 mg/L) of diazinon for 30 days showed a significant decrease in erythrocyte count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, plasma levels of total protein, albumin, globulin, activity of enzyme acetylcholinesterase and a significant increase in plasma glucose levels when compared with controlled fish (P<0.05). Compared to the controlled fish, leukocyte count decreased significantly in fish exposed to both sub-lethal concentrations and the plasma activities of enzyme asparate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased significantly after 20 and 30 days in fish exposed to 0.815 mg/L of diazinon, while the activities of these enzymes in fish exposed to 1.63 mg/L of diazinon increased significantly at all sampling periods (P<0.05). On the other hand, the plasma activity of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase decreased significantly in both diazinon treated fish groups after 10 days of exposure (P<0.05) and returned to the normal value after 20 and 30 days of exposure. In conclusion, long-term exposure to diazinon at sub-lethal concentrations induces severe physiological alterations in C. mrigala that may potentially disrupt their survival in their natural habitat.
ABSTRACT
Horner syndrome is characterized by ptosis ,miosis and anhidrosis. We describe a case of Horner Syndrome as a possible but rare complication of internal jugular vein catheterization
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Catheterization/adverse effects , Jugular Veins , Catheters , Blepharoptosis , Miosis , Hypohidrosis , Renal DialysisABSTRACT
A 36-year-old lady presented with symptoms of intermittent small bowel obstruction caused by a polyp in the jejunum. CT scan and small bowel enema failed to demonstrate this polyp, and required a small bowel capsule endoscopy to finally reach a diagnosis. The objective of this report is to highlight the role of capsule endoscopy as a diagnostic tool in the small bowel pathology and to report a case of a polypoid gastric heterotopia of jejunum